It is both theoretically mistaken and morally wrong to regard others as objects of investigation rather than partners in free rational communication.

We can't coherently deny, or even decline to affirm, that we are free.

Reason necessarily expresses itself through emotions and emotions are healthy only insofar as they are expressions of reason.

Kant was a rational theologian. He did not pretend to be a biblical or revealed theologian.

If being "iron headed" is to be lacking such feelings, then Kant's position is that an ironheaded person could not be a moral agent because such a person would not be rational.

When consequentialist theories are developed in terms of an equally shallow psychology of the good - such as a crude form of hedonism - the results can sometimes strike sensible people as revolting and inhuman. People can be reduced to simple repositories of positive or negative sensory states, and their humanity is lost sight of entirely.

Utilitarians are usually empiricists who think they can solve every problem by accumulating enough empirical facts. They do not realize that thinking as well as experience is necessary to know anything or get anything right.