As you know, in most areas of science, there are long periods of beginning before we really make progress.

Vienna is relatively small. And it had wonderful salons, opportunities for people to get together. There was a lot of interaction between scientists and non-scientists, between Jews and non-Jews, between artists, writers and scientists, including medical scientists.

Memory is everything. Without it we are nothing.

It is this potential for plasticity of the relatively stereotyped units of the nervous system that endows each of us with our individuality.

I have on the one hand a hatred and on the other a yearning for Vienna. I left when I was nine years old because I was Jewish. And even before 1938, the anti-Semitism in Austria was probably deeper than it was in Germany or in other European countries.

I don't think biology is replacing the feeling experienced through art. Biology is capable of giving additional insights. It's a parallel, not a substitutive process.

Not only Freud but artists and writers were also interested in the unconscious. It was medicine that made the first steps toward modernity.