No one wants to learn from mistakes, but we cannot learn enough from successes to go beyond the state of the art.

No one wants to learn from mistakes, but we cannot learn enough from successes to go beyond the state of the art.

Form follows failure.

Failure is Central to engineering. Every single calculation that an engineer makes is a failure calculation.

Engineers are not superhuman. They make mistakes in their assumptions, in their calculations, in their conclusions. That they make mistakes is forgivable; that they catch them is imperative. Thus it is the essence of modern engineering not only to be able to check one's own work but also to have one's work checked and to be able to check the work of others.

A failed structure provides a counterexample to a hypothesis and shows us incontrovertibly what cannot be done, while a structure that stands without incident often conceals whatever lessons or caveats it might hold for the next generation of engineers.

What is commonly overlooked in using the computer is the fact that the central goal of design is still to obviate failure, and thus it is critical to identify exactly how a structure may fail. The computer cannot do this by itself . . .