If there is to be a competition, there must be some basis for resolving it. It is also clear that the competition should be experienced based.

If there is to be a competition, there must be some basis for resolving it. It is also clear that the competition should be experienced based.

The recycling of resource by the aggregate behavior of a diverse array of agents is much more than the sum of the individual actions.

The multiplier effect is a major feature of networks and flows. It arises regardless of the particular nature of the resource, be it goods, money, or messages.

Holland's and Kauffman's work, together with Dawkins' simulations of evolution and Varela's models of autopoietic systems, provide essential inspiration for the new discipline of artificial life, This approach, initiated by Chris Langton (1989, 1992), tries to develop technological systems (computer programs and autonomous robots) that exhibit lifelike properties, such as reproduction, sexuality, swarming, and co-evolution.

If we are to understand the interactions of a large number of agents, we must first be able to describe the capabilities of individual agents.

Particular individuals do not recur, but their building blocks do.