When a law is in its nature a contract, when absolute rights have vested under that contract, a repeal of the law cannot divest those rights.
John MarshallNo political dreamer was ever wild enough to think of breaking down the lines which separate the States and compounding the American people into one common mass.
John MarshallLet the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.
John Marshall