In many cases it is a matter for decision and not a simple matter of fact whether x understands y; and so on.
You do not understand your own tradition if you do not see it in relation to others.
Where consciousness is concerned, the appearance is the reality.
My car and my adding machine understand nothing: they are not in that line of business
The ascription of an unconscious intentional phenomenon to a system implies that the phenomenon is in principle accessible to consciousness.
"Akrasia" [weakness of will] in rational beings is as common as wine in France.