Women are penalized both for deviating from the masculine norm and for appearing to be masculine. When women try to establish their competence, they are scrutinized for evidence that they lack masculine (instrumental) characteristics as well as for signs that they no longer possess female (expressive) ones. They are taken to fail, in other words, both as a male and as a female.
Kathleen Hall JamiesonTelevision has accustomed us to brief, intimate, telegraphic, visual, narrative messages. Candidates are learning to act, speak, and think in television's terms. In the process they are transforming speeches, debates, and their appearances in news into ads.
Kathleen Hall JamiesonIncreasingly, campaigns have become narcotics that blur our awareness of problems long enough to elect the lawmakers who must deal with them.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson