I'm not an historian but I'll venture an opinion: Modern cosmology really began with Darwin and Wallace. Unlike anyone before them, they provided explanations of our existence that completely rejected supernatural agents... Darwin and Wallace set a standard not only for the life sciences but for cosmology as well.
Leonard SusskindEinstein, in the special theory of relativity, proved that different observers, in different states of motion, see different realities.
Leonard Susskind