It was a shock to people of the nineteenth century when they discovered, from observations science had made, that many features of the biological world could be ascribed to the elegant principle of natural selection.

I believe the evidence strongly supports common descent. But the root question remains unanswered: What has caused complex systems to form?

Proteins are the machinery of living tissue that builds the structures and carries out the chemical reactions necessary for life.

It was only about sixty years ago that the expansion of the universe was first observed.

In the 19th century the anatomy of the eye was known in great detail and the sophisticated mechanisms it employs to deliver an accurate picture of the outside world astounded everyone who was familiar with them.

It is often said that science must avoid any conclusions which smack of the supernatural.

In the abstract, it might be tempting to imagine that irreducible complexity simply requires multiple simultaneous mutations - that evolution might be far chancier than we thought, but still possible. Such an appeal to brute luck can never be refuted... Luck is metaphysical speculation; scientific explanations invoke causes.