I don't blame people for smoking when I see a social gradient in smoking. I say we need to understand why is it the lower you are in the hierarchy the more likely you are to smoke. So we need to address the causes of the causes.

I came from a warm Jewish family.

Once you get off the ladder you'll never get back on.

Saying we can't afford to invest in early child development means we're storing up bigger costs in the future.

Empowerment of individuals and communities is absolutely central. Getting the community involved in organising their own destiny has got to be a key part of it.

We have to put reduction of health inequalities at the centre of our public health strategy and that will require action on the social determinants of health.

For every dollar spent on early child development you save $7 over the life course because children with better early child development are less likely to end up delinquent, involved in crime, unemployed and so on.