If kids've been overprotected from failure in childhood, they get out into the world and they really get thrown off.

And in most highly academic environments in the United States, no one fails anything.

People high in conscientiousness get better grades in high school and college; they commit fewer crimes; and they stay married longer.

If we don't give kids the opportunity to fail when they're growing up, and to fail productively, to fail creatively, that they're going to get out there into the world and they're going to hit some kind of setback, like everybody does, and they're going to get completely derailed.

If kids've been overprotected from failure in childhood, they get out into the world and they really get thrown off.

Optimists, by contrast, look for specific, limited, short-term explanations for bad events, and as a result, in the face of a setback, they’re more likely to pick themselves up and try again.

What matters most in a child’s development, they say, is not how much information we can stuff into her brain in the first few years. What matters, instead, is whether we are able to help her develop a very different set of qualities, a list that includes persistence, self-control, curiosity, conscientiousness, grit, and self-confidence. Economists refer to these as noncognitive skills, psychologists call them personality traits, and the rest of us sometimes think of them as character.