Innovation - the heart of technological change - is fundamentally a learning process.

Every production network has spatiality - the particular geographical configuration and extent of its component elements and the links between them.

It remains to be seen, for example whether China can continue to develop as a market economy while still retaining an authoritarian communist political system.

Geographically, the global economy is now multi-polar , as new centres of production have emerged in parts of what had been, historically, the periphery of the world economy. The world is now more accurately described as a 'mosaic of unevenness in a continual state of flux'.

Innovation - the heart of technological change - is fundamentally a learning process.

A striking feature of financial service activities during the past few decades is that the financial transactions essential to the operation of the 'real' economy has become increasingly dwarfed by speculative activity.

The primary driver of final consumer demand is, of course, the level of disposable income.