We don’t really care about test scores. We care about adult outcomes.

Atlanta's a good example of a city that's quite sprawling, where there's a sharp division between where blacks and whites live, between where low-income and high-income families live.

We don’t really care about test scores. We care about adult outcomes.

Every extra year you spend in a better environment makes you more likely to go to college, less likely to have a teenage pregnancy, makes you earn more as an adult, makes you more likely to have a stable family situation, be married, for instance, when you're an adult.

Cities that tend of have better schools for middle-income families, they tend to have much better prospects for kids moving up in the income distribution.

The data show we can do something about upward mobility. Every extra year of childhood spent in a better neighborhood seems to matter.

The solution for rising up kids in the income distributionlies is in creating better childhood environments for kids growing up, especially in low income families. And so what means such things like schools, the quality of neighborhoods. If you think about what's gone on in Baltimore, it's a place of tremendous concentrated poverty. People aren't really seeing a path forward and I think revitalizing places like that can have a huge impact, even in the face of globalization and changes in technology.