I got interested in the question of literacy because writers are always moaning about why more people don't read books. They long for the good old days when people read serious novels.
Robert Hass[Osip] Mandelstam, who wasn't a political thinker, loved the idea of the city-state. One of the emblems in his poetry of the politics he imagined, over and against the universalizing politics of [Carl] Marx, was the medieval city of Novgorod, which had in its center a public well where the water was free to everyone. That became for him a figure of justice.
Robert HassI was aware that a quarter of the children in the country are born in poverty, and that the condition of public schools in California was disastrous.
Robert HassEverybody has a different idea of when those good old days were, but everyone is convinced that there was a time when literature really mattered and that it doesn't now. They also tend to believe that it really matters someplace else - in very improbable places often. Russia is someone's idea of a place where literature really counts.
Robert Hass