Calculus, the electrical battery, the telephone, the steam engine, the radio - all these groundbreaking innovations were hit upon by multiple inventors working in parallel with no knowledge of one another.
Steven JohnsonThose that regularly come into contact with people having diverse interests and viewpoints are more likely to come up with innovative ideas.
Steven JohnsonLegendary innovators like Franklin, Snow, and Darwin all possess some common intellectual qualitiesโa certain quickness of mind, unbounded curiosityโbut they also share one other defining attribute. They have a lot of hobbies.
Steven JohnsonOrganizations that empower folks further down the chain or try to get rid of the big hierarchal chains and allow decision making to happen on a more local level end up being more adaptive and resilient because there are more minds involved in the problem.
Steven JohnsonWho is giving the orders to ants? No one. They are self-organizing. Each of our immune systems get smarter over the years as its biochemical parts share information, and it responds with individualized defenses, but it isn't conscious and it has no memory. The host of that party didn't decree that everyone would gather in the kitchen, but it happened anyway. Emergence means we sometimes act in concert for better or worse.
Steven Johnson