All warfare is based on deception. Therefore, when capable, feign incapacity; when active, inactivity. When near, make it appear that you are far away; when far away, that you are to lure him; feign disorder and strike him. When he concentrates, prepare against him; where he is strong, avoid him. Anger his general and confuse him. Pretend inferiority and encourage his arrogance.

Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.

In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good.

Those who do not know the plans of competitors cannot prepare alliances. Those who do not know the lay of the land cannot maneuver their forces. Those who do not use local guides cannot take advantage of the ground.

Those who would wage war, should first eliminate all domestic enemies before proceeding to attack the external foe.

The enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution.

Of all those in the army close to the commander, none is more intimate than the secret agent.