Congress requires states to draw single-member districts.

Human reason needs only to will more strongly than fate, and she is fate.

While Republican voters have remained universally supportive of their President, Democrats and Independents are returning to a more naturally critical stance.

Responsibility for overseeing the implementation of election law typically resides with partisan officials, many with public stakes in the election outcome.

Science never makes an advance until philosophy authorizes it to do so.

With the parties at virtual parity and the ideological gulf between them never greater, the stakes of majority control of Congress are extremely high.

Further-more, partisan attachments powerfully shape political perceptions, beliefs and values, and incumbents enjoy advantages well beyond the way in which their districts are configured.