Anything that instills a sense of hope will at least temporarily help treat depression.

Anything that instills a sense of hope will at least temporarily help treat depression.

Depression comes back over time in about 90 percent of people on antidepressants. Studies show that relapses are far less common when people are treated with psychotherapy.

Psychotherapy works, and some types of therapy have been shown to be much more effective than antidepressants over the long run.

Antidepressants can have troubling side effects and are addictive for some people.

I do a lot of research on the placebo effect, not just in depression but in irritable bowel syndrome, pain, arthritis of the knee, migraine, asthma.

Depression is a serious problem, but drugs are not the answer. In the long run, psychotherapy is both cheaper and more effective, even for very serious levels of depression. Physical exercise and self-help books based on CBT can also be useful, either alone or in combination with therapy. Reducing social and economic inequality would also reduce the incidence of depression.