In many cases it is a matter for decision and not a simple matter of fact whether x understands y; and so on.

In the performance of an illocutionary act in the literal utterance of a sentence, the speaker intends to produce a certain effect by means of getting the hearer to recognize his intention to produce that effect; and furthermore, if he is using the words literally, he intends this recognition to be achieved in virtue of the fact that the rules for using the expressions he utters associate the expression with the production of that effect.

The general nature of the speech act fallacy can be stated as follows, using "good" as our example. Calling something good is characteristically praising or commending or recommending it, etc. But it is a fallacy to infer from this that the meaning of "good" is explained by saying it is used to perform the act of commendation.

Berkeley had a liberal element in the student body who tended to be quite active. I think that's in general a feature of intellectually active places.

"Akrasia" [weakness of will] in rational beings is as common as wine in France.

Dualism makes the problem insoluble; materialism denies the existence of any phenomenon to study, and hence of any problem.

Materialism ends up denying the existence of any irreducible subjective qualitative states of sentience or awareness.