As the number of unexplained, irreducibly complex biological systems increases, our confidence that Darwin's criterion of failure has been met skyrockets toward the maximum that science allows.

Skin is made in large measure of a protein called collagen.

In order to say that some function is understood, every relevant step in the process must be elucidated.

There is no publication in the scientific literature - in prestigious journals, specialty journals, or books - that describes how molecular evolution of any real, complex biochemical system either did occur or even might have occurred.

We can look high or we can look low in books or in journals, but the result is the same. The scientific literature has no answers to the question of the origin of the immune system.

The trap does not work until all the parts were there. The system itself doesn't work until you fit all of them together.

The basic structure of proteins is quite simple: they are formed by hooking together in a chain discrete subunits called amino acids.