Optimists, by contrast, look for specific, limited, short-term explanations for bad events, and as a result, in the face of a setback, they’re more likely to pick themselves up and try again.

The part of the brain most affected by early stress is the prefrontal cortex, which is critical in self-regulatory activities of all kinds, both emotional and cognitive. As a result, children who grow up in stressful environments generally find it harder to concentrate, harder to sit still, harder to rebound from disappointments, and harder to follow directions. And that has a direct effect on their performance in school.

People high in conscientiousness get better grades in high school and college; they commit fewer crimes; and they stay married longer.

And in most highly academic environments in the United States, no one fails anything.

If kids've been overprotected from failure in childhood, they get out into the world and they really get thrown off.

Optimists, by contrast, look for specific, limited, short-term explanations for bad events, and as a result, in the face of a setback, they’re more likely to pick themselves up and try again.

What if the Secret to Success is Failure?.