The correctness of much testimonially based belief is no more than minimally creditable to the believer.
Ernest SosaIf we have a better understanding of knowledge than we do of such justification or competence, then we can explain the latter through the former.
Ernest SosaEpistemic competence might be posterior to knowledge conceptually, however, while still prior metaphysically.
Ernest SosaWhen there are conflicts of observation, when experiments cannot be replicated, scientists may then retreat to a study of the various specific observations so as to explain the conflict, in the course of which they would make use of the concept of observation, or of some specification of that concept.
Ernest Sosa