In the evenings I studied chemistry at the University of Chicago, the weekends I helped in the family store.

In 1933, the Nazis came to power and the more systematic persecution of the Jews followed quickly. Laws were enacted which excluded Jewish children from higher education in public schools.

In the evenings I studied chemistry at the University of Chicago, the weekends I helped in the family store.

In 1934, the American Jewish charities offered to find homes for 300 German refugee children. We were on the SS Washington, bound for New York, Christmas 1934.

I remember Nazi election propaganda posters showing a hateful Jewish face with crooked nose.

I had no new ideas on the physics we might learn, and I could not compete with the younger generation.

I survived only a year in Berkeley, partly because I declined to sign the anticommunist loyalty oath.