From the standpoint of observation, then, we must regard it as a highly probable hypothesis that the beginnings of the mental life date from as far back as the beginnings of life at large.

We speak of virtue, honour, reason; but our thought does not translate any one of these concepts into a substance.

On the other hand, ethnic psychology must always come to the assistance of individual psychology, when the developmental forms of the complex mental processes are in question.

Now, there are a very large number of bodily movements, having their source in our nervous system, that do not possess the character of conscious actions.

Physiology seeks to derive the processes in our own nervous system from general physical forces, without considering whether these processes are or are not accompanied by processes of consciousness.

The results of ethnic psychology constitute, at the same time, our chief source of information regarding the general psychology of the complex mental processes.

The distinguishing characteristics of mind are of a subjective sort; we know them only from the contents of our own consciousness.