The animal kingdom exhibits a series of mental developments which may be regarded as antecedents to the mental development of man, for the mental life of animals shows itself to be throughout, in its elements and in the general laws governing the combination of the elements, the same as the mental life of man.

The materialistic point of view in psychology can claim, at best, only the value of an heuristic hypothesis.

Physiological psychology, on the other hand, is competent to investigate the relations that hold between the processes of the physical and those of the mental life.

Now the word-symbols of conceptual ideas have passed so long from hand to hand in the service of the understanding, that they have gradually lost all such fanciful reference.

Now, there are a very large number of bodily movements, having their source in our nervous system, that do not possess the character of conscious actions.

Physiology and psychology cover, between them, the field of vital phenomena; they deal with the facts of life at large, and in particular with the facts of human life.

We speak of virtue, honour, reason; but our thought does not translate any one of these concepts into a substance.