It is the duty of the Umpire to determine all questions submitted to him according to these laws, when they apply, and according to his best judgment when they do not apply.

To play with correctness and skill the ends of games, is an important but a very rare accomplishment, expect among the magnates of the game.

The Bishop moves diagonally forwards or backwards, to the extent of the Board.

When a Piece or Pawn is in a situation to be taken by the enemy, it is said to be en prise. To put a piece en prise, is to play it so that it may be captured.

Each player, it will be observed, has eight superior Pieces or officers, and eight minor ones which are called Pawns; and, for the purpose of distinction, the Pieces and Pawns of one party are of a different color from those of the other.

The Queen is by much the most powerful of the forces.

After white's reply to 1.e4 e5 with 2.f4 the game is in its last throes