Party politics in modern democratic society means pandering to a wide variety of different groups and sympathizing with their often quite base motives, such as revenge, power, booty, and spoils, to maintain the necessary level of support.

When you give false information you tend to restrict the freedom of choice to others.

We live in a time when complex ethical questions are easily subordinated to the demands of efficiency, profit maximization, and maintenance or furthering of political power.

There are many other ways in which language can be used to manipulate an audience. one obvious way is to simply lie.

Down to the present day the luminous image of democracy has often served as a pretext for the most undemocratic actions.

Since the time of Plato and Aristotle philosophers have had an interest in taking note of common fallacies in reasoning.

To avoid repeating the mistakes of the past, an alert citizenry today should take the trouble to learn how easy it can be for a powerful minority to manipulate information to win the support-or the indifference-of the majority towards an action.